BBS in a Box 2/BBS in a box - Trilogy II.iso/Files/Education/H/Irish/lessons/8a

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                            LESSON #8


A chairde,

     In this lesson, we look at the preposition "in"  which
also behaves differently from the general pattern which we
saw in lesson #6.  We will also look at the ideas of "inside" and
"outside".

     All these details about prepositions and the article may seem
like "information overload"  and a pretty dry stuff. It is too
much to absorb all at once, of course.  Lessons #6 to #8 introduce these
patterns to you and give you the chance to practice them in the exercises.

Starting with Lesson #9, we will move on to the lighter topics of
various idioms, and then begin to explore verbs.  If you keep Lessons #6
to #8 handy, they will help with the exercises in later lessons, and
eventually the patterns will become second nature.

    Any questions, comments, corrections, etc. are welcome at
                "[e-mail]"

These lessons are loosely based on "Tosach Maith: a junior course
of Irish", by Sister Francis McAndrew. Folens, rev. ed. 1976.

                "Bail ó Dhia ar an obair"

                       Dorothy
................................................................



                          LESSON 8

                    THE PREPOSITION  "IN"


I. GRAMMAR


  A.  The pattern for "in" is more complicated than that for any
      of the other simple prepositions. This is partly because it
      has a number of different forms:

          i   [i]       in  [in']
          sa  [s@]      san [s@n]      sna  [sn@]

      The basic word is  i(n),  but when the articles "an"
      and "na" are used with it, it forms the words "insan" and
      "insna" , which are further reduced to the forms you see
      below.


  (a) i   >>   i    before a consonant   i  mbosca    in a box
                                         i  mboscaí  in boxes

          >>   in   before a vowel       in éirinn   in Ireland


  (b) i + an >> insan >> sa   before a consonant  sa bhosca  in the box
                      >> san  before a vowel      san oíche in the night


  (c) i + na >> sna  >>  sna       sna boscaí   in the boxes
                                   sna hoifigí  in the offices


  There are several things to note about this pattern.

  (a) When  i(n)  is used without the article, it causes eclipsis, rather
      than the lenition or no change that occurs with other prepositions
      in this  situation (see lessons #6 and #7).

       on a box   ar bhosca      c.f.  in a box  i mbosca
                      ^                            ^
       with a box  le bosca
                      ^
       from the box  den bhosca
                          ^

  (b) "Sa"  contains the article "an", and so means "in the" (sg).
       In standard Irish it causes lenition:

        ar an mbosca      - cf -    sa  bhosca
              ^                          ^
       (However, in Connacht,  "sa" eclipsis ...  sa mbosca.)



      Note also that  sa >>  san  before a vowel   and
                                  before a "f" which is followed by
                                              a vowel.

      Why is this?  When "f" is lenited, it becomes silent, so if
      the "f" is followed by a vowel, this vowel becomes the first
      sound in the lenited word ... thus  "sa" changes to "san"
      before this vowel.  The same effect was seen in Lesson #7,
      after "de"  and "do":

      e.g.  do + fear     >> do + fhear     >>  d'fhear  [d'ar]
            sa + fuinneog >> sa + fhuinneog >> san fhuinneog
                                                    [s@nin'o:g]




  (c) The pattern for "sna" ("in the" (plural))  fits the regular
      pattern for prepositions, as seen in Lessons #6 & #7.  That is,
      "na" causes no change to the noun except for  prefixing "h" to
      nouns which begin with a vowel.

        ar na boscaí      - cf -   sna boscaí
        leis na huibheacha          sna huibheacha



  (d) After the article "an",  do not eclipse a noun which begins
      with  d   or  t.   Since "sa" contains the word "an", this
      rule applies to "sa" as well:

           e.g.  in a house      i dteach
                 in the house    sa teach



  (e) For nouns which begin with an "s", the pattern is the
      same as for the other prepositions in Lessons #6 and #7.
      Thus, the "s" of a feminine noun is prefixed by "t" after
      the article "an", which in this case, appears as "sa":

           e.g.   sa siúcra (m)      sa tsráid  (f)


  ----------------------------------------------------------------

  C.  INTO and OUT OF,  INSIDE and OUTSIDE

      Irish distinguishes between BEING inside or outside of a place and
      MOVING into or out of a place.  Thus, there are two sets of words
      for "in"  and "out"  depending on whether or not movement is
      occurring.

      into, inside (with motion)     isteach  [@s't'ax]
      inside (stationary)            istigh   [@s't'iy']

      out of, outside (with motion)  amach    [@max]
      outside (stationary)           amuigh   [@miy']


           [Note that these four words are exceptions to the
            general rule for stress in Irish. Each is
            stressed on the second syllable.]


      e.g. Tháinig mé isteach.         I came in(side).
           Chuaigh sé amach.            He went out(side).

      e.g. Tá siad istigh.              They are inside.
           D'fhan sé amuigh sa pháirc. He stayed outside in the
                                                             park.

      Note also that when you use "i" with the verbs "come" and "go",
      you use "isteach" together with "i" . With other verbs of
      motion, just use "i".

      e.g. Chuaigh sí isteach san uisce.   She went into the water.
           Tháinig sí isteach sa seomra.  She came into the room.
           Chuir sí an leabhar i mála.    She put the book in a bag.


      To say something is inside or outside of something else, the
      stationary forms are used with "taobh" :

      e.g. The cat is outside the gate.
                                Tá an cat taobh amuigh den gheata.
           The dog is inside the gate.
                                Tá an madra taobh istigh den gheata.

    -----------------------------------------------------------

II.   VOCABULARY       None this week

    -----------------------------------------------------------



III.  EXERCISES


Translate into English:

 1. Chuir an bhean cuid den bhainne i mbuidéil.
 2. Rith an madra amach agus d'fhan sé amuigh go maidin.
 3. Chuaigh sí  isteach san ospidéal inné.



Translate into Irish:

 (Assume stationary location)

 4. in water
 5. in the water
 6. in a cup
 7. in the hole
 8. in boats
 9. in the fields (grassy)
10. in a field (tilled)
11. in a window
12. in the fire
13. in the places
14. in a book
15. in the frying pan
16. in the ink

17. The robins are in the tree.
18. The woman put the plant in the window.
19. The cat stayed outside the gate and the mouse stayed inside the
    hole.
20. There was a fire in the house (= a fire was in the house), but
    they went outside in time.

   ..............................................................











~Z